Karaṇa
					
					Karaṇa,[fr.kṛ,cp.Vedic karaṇa] 1.adj.(f.ī) (-°) doing,making,causing,producing; as cakkhu° ñāṇa° (leading to clear knowledge) S.IV,331; V,97; It.83; and acakkhu° etc.S.V,97; nāthā °ā dhammā A.V,23 (cp.V.89) and thera° A.II,22; dubbaṇṇa° S.V,217; see also D.I,245; M.I.15; S.V,96,115; A.IV,94; V,268; Miln.289.‹-› 2.(nt.) (-°) the making,producing of; the doing,performance of (=kamma),as bali° offering of food =bali kamma) PvA.81; gabbha° Sn.927; pānujja° Sn.256.3.(abs.) (a) the doing up,preparing J.V,400,VI,270 (of a building:the construction) (b) the doing,performance of,as pāṇâtipātassa k° and ak° (“commission and omission”); DhA.I,214; means of action J.III,92.(c) ttg.the instrumental case (with or without °vacana) PvA.33; VvA.25,53,162,174.--°atthe in the sense of,with the meaning of the instrumental case J.III,98; V,444; PvA.35; VvA.304; DhsA.48; Kacc 157.-- 4.(-°) state,condition; in noun-abstract function= °ttaṁ (cp.kamma I.2) as nānā° (=nānattaṁ) difference M.II,128; S.IV,294; Bdhd 94; kasi° ploughing PvA.66; kattabba° (=kattabbattaṁ) “what is to be done,” i.e.duty PvA.30; pūjā° veneration PvA.30.sakkāra° reverence,devotion SnA 284.
  Note:in massu° and kamma° some grammarians have tried to derive k° from a root kṛ,to hurt,cut,torture (see Morris J.P.T.S.1893,15),which is however quite unnecessary [see kamma 3 A (b),kataII 1 (b)].Karaṇa here stands for kamma,as clearly indicated by semantic grounds as well as by J.VI,270 where it explains kappita-kesa-massu,and J.V,309 & DhA.I,253 where massukamma takes the place of °karaṇa,and J.III,314,where it is represented by massu-kutti (C.:massukiriya).Cp.also DA.I,137.a° Negative in all meanings of the positive,i.e.the non-performing J.I,131; V,222; Nett 81; PvA.59; DhsA.127; non-undertaking (of business) J.I,229; noncommission M.I,93; abstaining from Dhs.299.Cpd.--uttariya (nt.) angry rejoinder,vehement defence DhA.I,44.(Page 196)