Niraya
Niraya,[BSk.niraya,nis+aya of i=to go asunder,to go to destruction,to die,cp.in meaning Vedic nirṛti.The popular etym.given by Dhammapāla at PvA.53 is “n’atthi ettha ayo sukhan ti”=there is no good; that given by Bdhgh at Vism.427 “n’atthi ettha assādasaññito ayo” (no refreshment)] purgatory,hell,a place of punishment & torture,where sin is atoned (i.e.kamma ripens=paccati,is literally boiled) by terrible ordeals (kāraṇāni) similar to & partly identical with those of Hades & Tartarus.There are a great number of hells,of which the most fearful is the Avīcimahāniraya (see Avīci).Names of other purgatories occur frequently in the Jātaka collection,e.g.Kākola VI,247; Khuradhāra V,269 sq.; Dhūma-roruva V,271; Patāpana V,266,271,453; Paduma IV.245; Roruva III,299; V,266; VI,237; Saṅghāta V,266; Sañjīva ibid.; Sataporisa V,269; Sattisūla V,143.As the principal one n.is often mentioned with the other apāyas (states of suffering),viz.tiracchānayoni (animal world) & pittivisaya (the manes),e.g.at Nd1 489; Nd2 517,550; Pv IV.11; ThA.282; PvA.27 sq.(see apāya).-- There is a great variety of qualifying adjectives connected with niraya,all of which abound in notions of fearful pain,awful misery & continuous suffering,e.g.kaṭuka,ghora,dāruṇa,bhayānaka,mahābhitāpa,sattussada etc.-- Descriptions of N.in glowing terms of frightfulness are freq.found from the earliest books down to the late Peta-Vatthu,Pañcagati-dīpana & Saddhammopāyana.Of these the foll.may be quoted as characteristic:S.I,152 (10 nirayas); M.III,183; A.I,141; Sn.p.126=A.V,173; Nd1 404 sq.=Nd2 304III,c; J.IV,4 (Mittavindaka); Vv 52 (Revatī); Pv.I,10; III,10; IV,1; 7; DhA.I,148.-- See on the whole subject,esp.L.Scherman,Materialen zur indischen Visionsliteratur,Leipzig 1792; & W.Stede,Die Gespenstergeschichten des Peta Vatthu,Leipzig 1914,pp.33--39.-- References:Vin.I,227 (apāya duggati vinipāta niraya); D.I,82,107 (id.); Vin.II,198 (yo kho saṅghaṁ bhindati kappaṁ nirayamhi paccati),204; II,203=It.86; D.I,228 (+tiracchānayoni),54 (read nirayasate for niriyasate); III,111; S.IV,126; V,356,450; M.I,73,285,308,334; II,86,149,186; III,166,203,209; A.IV,405; V,76,182,184; Sn.248 (patanti sattā nirayaṁ avaṁsirā),333,660 sq.,677 sq.; Dh.126,140,306,311,315; Th.1,304 (adhammo nirayaṁ neti dhammo pāpeti suggatiṁ)=DhsA.38=DA.I,99 =DhA.I,22; Th.2,456; It.12; J.IV,463; Pug.60; Ps.I,83 (Avīci°); Vbh.86,337; Vism.102; Miln.148; DhA.I,22; III,71; Sdhp.7,285.-- See also nerayika.
--gāmin (adj.) leading to purgatory (magga) Sn.277; --dukkha the pain of H.Sn.531; --pāla a guardian of P.,a devil A.I,138,141; M.III,179; Nd1 404; VvA.226.Names of guardians (after their complexion) e.g.Kāḷa (black) & Upakāḷa (blackish) J.VI,248.--bhaya the fear of P.J.I,168; Vism.392; --saṁvattanika conducive to P.Nd1 489.(Page 369)