Saṁ°
Saṁ°，（indecl．） [prefix； Idg．*sem one； one & the same，cp．Gr．o（malόs even，a（/ma at one，o（mόs together； Sk．sama even，the same； samā in the same way； Av．hama same=Goth．sama，samap together； Lat．simul （=simultaneous），similis “re-sembling．” Also Sk．sa （=sa2） together=Gr．a（-- a）-- （e．g．a）/koitis）； Av．ha-； and samyak towards one point=P．sammā．-- Analogously to Lat．semel “once，” simul，we find sa° as numeral base for “one” in Vedic sakṛt “once”=P．sakid （& sakad），sahasra 1000=P．sahassa，and in adv．sadā “always，” lit．“in one”] prefix，implying conjunction & completeness．saṁ° is after vi° （19%） the most frequent （16%） of all Pāli prefixes．Its primary meaning is “together” （cp．Lat．con°）； hence arises that of a closer connection or a more accentuated action than that expressed by the simple verb （intensifying=thoroughly，quite），or noun．Very often merely pleonastic，esp．in combn with other prefixes （e．g．sam-anu°，sam-ā°，sam-pa°）．In meaning of “near by，together” it is opposed to para°； as modifying prefix it is contrary to abhi° and （more frequently） to vi° （e．g．saṁvadati› vivadati），whereas it often equals pa° （e．g．pamodati› sammodati），with which it is often combd as sampa°； and also abhi° （e．g．abhivaḍḍhati›saṁvaḍḍhati），with which often combd as abhisaṁ°．-- Bdhgh & Dhpāla explain saṁ° by sammā （SnA 151； KhA 209：so read for samā āgatā），suṭṭhu （see e．g．santasita，santusita），or samantā （=altogether； SnA 152，154），or （dogmatically） sakena santena samena （KhA 240），or as “saṁyoga” Vism．495．-- In combn with y we find both saṁy° and saññ°．The usual conṭracted form before r is sā°．（Page 655）