Ud-
Ud-,[Vedic ud-; Goth.ūt = Ohg.ūz = E.out,Oir.ud-; cp.Lat.ūsque “from-unto” & Gr.u(ζteros = Sk.uttara) prefix in verbal & nominal combn. One half of all the words beginning with u° are combns. with ud°,which in compn. appears modified according to the rules of assimilation as prevailing in Pāli.-- I.Original meaning “out in an upward direction”,out of,forth; like ummujjati to rise up out of (water),ujjalati to blaze up high; udeti to come out of & go up; ukkaṇṭha stretching one’s neck out high (cp.Ger.“empor”); uggilati to “swallow up”,i.e.spit out.-- The opposites of ud- are represented by either ava or o° (see under II.& IV.& cp.ucc-âvaca; uddhambhāgiya:orambhāgiya),ni (see below) or vi (as udaya:vi-aya or vaya).-- II.Hence develop 2 clearly defined meanings,viz.(1) out,out of,away from --:°aṇha (“day-out”); °agga (“top-out”); °āgacchati; °ikkhati look out for,expect; °kantati tear out; °khitta thrown off; °khipati pick out; °gacchati come out; °gamaṇa rising (opp.o°); °gajjati shout out; °gilati (opp.o°); °ghoseti shout out; °cināti pick out; °chiṭṭha thrown out; °jagghati laugh at,cp.Ger.aus-lachen °tatta smelted out; °tāna stretched out; °dāleti tear out; °dhaṭa lifted out,drawn out; °disati point out to; °drīyati pull out; °pajjati to be produced; °patti & °pāda coming out,origin,birth; °paṭipatiyā out of reach; °paḷāseti sound out; °phāsulika “ribs out”; etc.etc.-- (2) up (high) or high up,upwards,on to (cp.ucca high,uttara higher) --:°kujja erect (opp.ava°); °kūla sloping up (opp.vi°); °khipati throw-up,°gaṇhāti take up; °chindati cut up; °javati go up-stream,°javana id.(opp.o°); uñña pride; °thāna “standing up” °ṭhita got up; °tarati come out,go up (opp.o°); °nata raised up,high (opp.o°); °nama e-levation; °nāmin raised (opp.ni°); °patati fly up; etc.etc.-- III,More specialised meanings (from elliptical or figurative use) are:(1) ud° = without,“ex-”,e.g.unnaṅgala “outplough” = without a plough; uppabbajita an ex-bhikkhu.‹-› (2) ud° = off,i.e.out of the way,wrong,e.g.uppatha a wrong road,ummagga id.-- (3) ud° = out of the ordinary,i.e.exceedingly,e.g.ujjaṅgala extremely dusty; uppanduka very pale; uppoṭheti to beat hard.-- IV.Dialectical variations & combinations.-- (1) Owing to semantic affinity we often find an interchange between ud° and ava° (cp.E.break up = break down,grind up or down,tie up or down),according to different points of view.This wavering between the two prefixes was favoured by the fact that o always had shown an unstable tendency & had often been substituted for or replaced by ū,which in its place was reduced to u before a double consonant,thus doing away with the diff.between ū & u or o & u.For comparison see the foll.:ukkamati & okk°; uññā:avañña; uddiyati:odd°; uḍḍeyya oḍḍ°; uppīḷeti:opīḷ°; etc.,& cp.abbhokirati › abbhukkirati.-- (2) the most freq.combns. that ud° enters into are those with the intensifying prefixes abhi° and sam°; see e.g.abhi + ud (= abbhud°) + gacchati,°jalati; °ṭhāti; °namati etc.; sam + ud + eti; °kamati; °chindati; °tejeti; °pajjati etc.(Page 132)