ā
Ā,1 (indecl.) [Vedic ā,prep. with Acc.,Loc.,Abl.,meaning “to,towards”,& also “from”. Orig. an emphatic-deictic part. (Idg. *ē) = Gr. h]_ surely,really; Ohg. --ā etc.,increment of a (Idg. *e),as in Sk. a-sau; Gr. ekeί (cp. a3),see Brugmann,Kurze Vergl. Gr. 464,465] a frequent prefix,used as well-defined simple base-prefix (with rootderivations),but not as modification (i. e. first part of a double prefix cpd. like sam-ā-dhi) except in one case ā-ni-saṁsa (which is doubtful & of diff. origin,viz. from combn. āsaṁsa-nisaṁsa,see below 3b). It denotes either touch (contact) or a personal (close) relation to the object (ā ti anussaraṇ’atthe nipāto PvA.165),or the aim of the action expressed in the verb. -- (1.) As prep. c. Abl. only in J in meaning “up to,until,about,near” J.VI,192 (ā sahassehi = yāva s. C.),prob. a late development. As pref. in meaning “forth,out,to,towards,at,on” in foll. applications:-- (a) aim in general or touch in particular (lit.),e. g. ākaḍḍhati pull to,along or up; °kāsa shining forth; °koṭeti knock at; °gacchati go towards; °camati rinse over; °neti bring towards,ad-duce; °bhā shining forth; °bhujati bend in; °masati touch at; °yata stretched out; °rabhati at-tempt; °rohana a-scending; °laya hanging on; °loketi look at; °vattati ad-vert; °vahati bring to; °vāsa dwelling at; °sādeti touch; °sīdati sit by; °hanati strike at. -- (b) in reflexive function:close relation to subject or person actively concerned,e. g. ādāti take on or up (to oneself); °dāsa looking at,mirror; °dhāra support; °nandati rejoice; °nisaṁsa subjective gain; °bādha being affected; °modita pleased; °rakkha guarding; °rādhita satisfied; °rāma (personal) delight in; °lingati embrace (to oneself); °hāra taking to (oneself). -- (c) in transitive function:close relation to the object passively concerned,e. g. āghātana killing; °carati indulge in; °cikkhati point ont,explain; °jīva living on; °ṇāpeti give an order to somebody; °disati point out to some one; °bhindati cut; °manteti ad-dress; °yācati pray to; °roceti speak to; siñcati besprinkle; °sevati indulge in. -- (d) out of meaning (a) develops that of an intensive-frequentative prefix in sense of “all-round,completely,very much”,e. g. ākiṇṇa strewn all over,°kula mixed up; °dhuta moved about; °rāva shouting out or very much; °luḷati move about; °hiṇḍati roam about. -- 2. Affinities. Closely related in meaning and often interchanging are the foll. prep. (prefixes):anu (°bhati),abhi (°saṁsati),pa (°tapati),paṭi (°kaṅkhati) in meaning 1 a-c; and vi (°kirati,°ghāta,°cameti,°lepa,°lopa),sam (°tapati,°dassati) in meaning 1 d. See also 3b. -- 3. Combinations:(a) Intensifying combns. of other modifying prefixes with ā as base:anu + ā (anvā-gacchati,°disati,°maddati,°rohati,°visati,°sanna,°hata),paṭi + ā (paccā-janati,°ttharati,°dāti,°savati),pari + ā (pariyā-ñāta,°dāti,°pajjati,°harati),sam + ā (samā-disati,°dāna,°dhi,°pajjati,°rabhati). -- (b) Contrast-combns. with other pref. in a double cpd. of noun,adj. or verb (cp. above 2) in meaning of “up & down,in & out,to & fro”; ā + ni:āvedhika-nibbedhika,āsaṁsa-nisaṁsa (contracted to ānisaṁsa),āsevita-nisevita; ā + pa:assasatipassasati (where both terms are semantically alike; in exegesis however they have been differentiated in a way which looks like a distortion of the original meaning,viz. assasati is taken as “breathing out”,passasati as “breathing in”:see Vism.271),assāsa-passāsa,āmoditapamodita,āhuna-pāhuna,āhuneyya-pāhuneyya; ā + paccā:ākoṭita-paccākoṭita; ā + pari:ākaḍḍhana-parikaḍḍhana,āsaṅkita-parisaṅkita; ā + vi:ālokita-vilokita,āvāha-vivāha,āveṭhana-viniveṭhana; a + sam:allāpa-sallāpa:ā + samā:āciṇṇa-samāciṇṇa. -- 4. Before double consonants ā is shortened to a and words containing ā in this form are to be found under a°,e. g. akkamaṇa,akkhitta,acchādeti,aññāta,appoṭeti,allāpa,assāda. (Page 92)