ava°
Ava°，（prefix） I．Relation between ava & o．Phonetically the difference between ava & o is this，that ava is the older form，whereas o represents a later development．Historically the case is often reversed -- that is，the form in o was in use first & the form in ava was built up，sometimes quite independently，long afterwards．Okaḍḍhati，okappati，okappanā，okassati，okāra，okantati，okkamati，ogacchati，odāta and others may be used as examples．The difference in many cases has given rise to a differentiation of meaning，like E．ripe：rife，quash：squash; Ger．Knabe：Knappe etc．（see below B 2）．-- A．The old Pāli form of the prefix is o．In same cases however a Vedic form in ava has been preserved by virtue of its archaic character．In words forming the 2nd part of a cpd．we have ava，while the absolute form of the same word has o．See e．g．avakāsa （-°） › okāsa （°-）; avacara › ocaraka; avatata; avadāta; avabhāsa; avasāna．-- B．1．the proportion in the words before us （early and later） is that o alone is found in 65% of all cases，ava alone in 24%，and ava as well as o in 11%．The proportion of forms in ava increases as the books or passages become later．Restricted to the older literature （the 4 Nikāyas） are the foll．forms with o：okiri，okkanti，okkamati，okkhipati，ogacchati，ossajati．-- （1） The Pāli form （o°） shows a differentiation in meaning against the later Sanskrit forms （ava°）．See the foll．：
avakappanā harnessing：okappanā confidence; avakkanti （not Sk．）：okkanti appearance;
avakkhitta thrown down：okkhitta subdued; avacara sphere of motion：ocaraka spy;
avatiṇṇa descended：otiṇṇa affected with love; avaharati to move down，put off：oharati to steal．
（2） In certain secondary verb-formations，arisen on Pāli grounds，the form o° is used almost exclusively pointing thus to a clearly marked dialectical development of Pali．Among these formations are Deminutives in °ka usually; the Gerund & the Infinitive usually; the Causatives throughout．
II．Ava as prefix．[P．ava = Vedic ava & occasionally o; Av．ava; Lat．au- （aufero = avabharati，aufugio etc．）; Obg．u-; Oir．ō，ua．See further relations in Walde，Lat．Wtb．under au]．-- Meaning．（Rest：） lower，low （opp．ut°，see e．g．uccâvaca high & low，and below III，c），expld． as heṭṭhā （DhA．IV，54 under avaṁ） or adho （ibid．153; SnA 290）．-- （Motion：） down，downward，away （down），off; e．g．avasūra sun-down; adv．avaṁ （q．v．，opp．uddhaṁ）．-- （a） lit．away from，off：ava-kantati to cut off; °gaṇa away from the crowd; °chindati cut off; °yīyati fall off; °bhāsati shine out，effulge; °muñcati take off; °siṭṭha left over．-- down，out，over：°kirati pour down or out over; °khitta thrown down; °gacchati go down; °gāheti dip down; °tarati descend; °patita fallen down; °sajjati emit; °siñcati pour out over; °sīdati sink down．-- （b） fig．down in connection with verbs of emotion （cp．Lat．de- in despico to despise，lit．look down on），see ava-jānāti，°bhūta，°mānita，°vajja，°hasati．away from，i．e．the opposite of，as equivalent to a negation and often taking the place of the neg．prefix a° （an°），e．g．in avajaya （= ajaya），°jāta，°maṅgala （= a°），°pakkhin，°patta．
Affinities of ava．-- （a） apa．There exists an exceedingly frequent interchange of forms with apa° and ava°，the historical relation of which has not yet been thoroughly investigated．For a comparison of the two the BSk．forms are indispensable，and often afford a clue as to the nature of the word in question．See on this apa 2 and cp．the foll．words under ava：avakata，°karoti，°khalita，°aṅga，ottappa，avattha，°nīta，°dāna，°pivati，°rundhati，°lekhati，°vadati，°varaka，°sakkati，avassaya，avasseti，°hita，avāpurīyati，avekkhati．-- （b） abhi．The similarity between abhi & ava is seen from a comparison of meaning abhi II．b and ava II．a．The two prefixes are practically synonymous in the foll．words：°kaṅkhati，°kamati，°kiṇṇa，°khipati，°maddati，°rata，°lambati，°lekheti，°lepana，°siñcati．-- （c） The contrary of ava is ut （cp．above II．2）．Among the freq．contrast-pairs showing the two，like E．up & down，are the foll．ukkaṁsâvakaṁsa，uggaman-oggamana，uccâvaca，ullaṅgheti-olaṅgheti，ullittâvalitta; ogilituṁuggilituṁ，onaman-unnamana．Two other combns． founded on the same principle （of intensifying contrast） are chiddâvacchidda and ava° in contrast with vi° in olambavilamba，olugga-vilugga．（Page 80）